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Definition (in context to programming):

  1. What are coroutines and how to create coroutines using coroutine builders in Kotlin?
  2. What aJob is and the different states a Jobcan be in?
Kotlin coroutines & structured concurrency
val parentJob = launch {
val childJob = launch {
var count = 1
while (count <= 5) {
println("Count: $count")
delay(100)
count++
}
}
}
delay(250)
println("Cancelling parent job")
parentJob.cancel()
-----------
OUTPUT:
Count: 1
Count: 2
Count: 3
Cancelling parent job
fun CoroutineScope.launch(
    context: CoroutineContext = EmptyCoroutineContext,
    // ...
): Job
Understanding cancellation
  • Whether the execution of code in a coroutine should continue or not after cancel() is invoked, is a decision that lies in the hands of a developer, which will, in turn, depend on the use case.
  • Execution of code within a coroutine even after cancel() is invoked does not mean that structured concurrency is violated since the parent Job will still wait for the children Job(s) to reach a final state before reaching its final state. A Job is in a final state when its isCompleted = true and we can use join() in our code to wait for the completion of a Job before executing any further code.
val parentJob = launch {
val childJob = launch {
var count = 1
val startTime = System.currentTimeMillis()
var nextPrintTime = startTime
while (count <= 5) {
if (System.currentTimeMillis() >= nextPrintTime) {
println("Count: $count")
nextPrintTime += 100L
count++
}
}
}
}
delay(250)
println("Cancelling parent job")
parentJob.cancel()
parentJob.join()
println("Parent job completed")
-----------
OUTPUT:
Count: 1
Count: 2
Count: 3
Cancelling parent job // cancels parentJob and hence, cancels childJob recursively
Count: 4 // childJob continues executing its code
Count: 5
Parent job completed // parentJob completes only after childJob. (Structured Concurrency)

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Jobs

while (count <= 5 && isActive)
Parallel Decomposition
suspend fun performTasks(task1: String, task2: String) {
    val job1 = async { doTask(task1) }
    val job2 = async { doTask(task2) }
    mergeTasks(job1.await(), job2.await())
}
fun CoroutineScope.launch(
    // ...
    block: suspend CoroutineScope.() -> Unit
): Job
  • The Job can be directly written and executed within the lambda block of anotherJob, to implicitly use it as its scope. For instance:
val parentJob = launch {
    val childJob = launch { ... }
}
  • In a suspending function, you can wrap your code into a
    coroutineScope { … } block that establishes a boundary of your operation, its scope.
suspend fun performTasks(task1: String, task2: String) {
    coroutineScope {
        val job1 = async { doTask(task1) }
        val job2 = async { doTask(task2) }
        mergeTasks(job1.await(), job2.await())
    }
}
CoroutineContext vs CoroutineScope

This sounds confusing, doesn’t it? Let’s simplify this by defining CoroutineContext and CoroutineScope.

 

fun CoroutineScope.launch(
    context: CoroutineContext = EmptyCoroutineContext,
    // ...
): Job

CoroutineScope: It is just a wrapper around the context, that is, it is an interface that consists of a sole property — val coroutineContext: CoroutineContext. It has nothing else but context.

public interface CoroutineScope {
    public val coroutineContext: CoroutineContext
}
val parallelJob = launch {
delay(1000)
}
val parentJob = launch {
val childJob = launch(parallelJob) { // Notice how the context is explicitly provided
var count = 1
while (count <= 5) {
println("Count: $count")
delay(100)
count++
}
}
}
delay(250)
println("Cancelling parent job")
parentJob.cancel()
parentJob.join()
println("Parent job completed")
-----------
OUTPUT:
Count: 1
Count: 2
Count: 3
Cancelling parent job
Parent job completed
Count: 4
Count: 5 // childJob continues after parentJob (CoroutineScope),
// and is bound to parallelJob (CoroutineContext)

💡If you’re curious and wish to dive deeper into CoroutineContext and CoroutineScope, here’s a great blog.

 

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